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Appendix 7-D:
Causes
From Chapter 7: Strengthening Regional Security through G7/8 Sanctions and Force, by John Kirton and Julia Kulik
In Accountability for Effectiveness in Global Governance
edited by John Kirton and Marina Larionova
available from Routledge, 2018
| Case | Threat | Capability | Proximity | Colony | United Nations | NATO | Iteration | Foreign ministerial |
| Force | ||||||||
| Iraq 1991 | Low | 2,410 | 1,835 (Italy) | United Kingdom | Yes (UNSCR 678) |
No | 0 | 0 |
| Kosovo 1999 | Low | 469 | 448 (Italy) |
No | No (Post UNSCR 1244) |
Yes |
2 | 6 months |
| Afghanistan 2002 | High | 6,398 | 2,096 (Russia) | No | Yes (UNSCR 1510) |
Yes |
0 | 11 months |
| Libya 2011 | Low | 898 | 624 (Italy) |
Italy |
Yes (UNSCR 1973) |
Yes |
4 | 11 months |
| Mali 2013 | Low | 3,633 | 2,368 | France |
Yes (UNSCR 2085) |
Yes |
2 | 3 months |
| ISIS 2015 | Low | N/A | 1,835 (Italy) | United Kingdom, France | No | No | 1 | 7 months |
| Average | 83% Low |
2,761 | 1,534 | 66% | 67% Yes |
66% Yes |
66% Yes |
6 months |
| Sanctions only | ||||||||
| Iran 1980 | Medium | 80 | 2,124 (Italy) | Yes (United Kingdom) |
No (061223) |
No | 0 | 0 |
| Afghanistan 1980 | Low | 7 | 1,298 (Germany) | No | No | Yes | 1 | 0 |
| Sudan 2004 | Low | 1,229 | 2,178 (Italy) | Yes (United Kingdom) |
Yes (UNSCR 1591) |
No | 3 | 3 months |
| North Korea 2006 | Medium | 2,162 | 799 (Japan) | No | Yes (UNSCR 1718) |
No | 0 | 10 months |
| Syria 2011 | Low | 537 | 1,420 (Italy) | Yes (France) |
No | Yes | 4 | 11 months |
| Ukraine 2014 | Low | 12 | 755 (Berlin) | No | No | No | 2 | 3 months |
| Average | 66% Low |
671 | 1,429 | 50% | 33% Yes |
66% Yes |
4 months | |
Notes: NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization; UNSCR = United Nations Security Council resolution.
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